Histology for Laboratory Manual and Review- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theHistology for Laboratory Manual and Review. Answer: The specimens are delicate items and there are handled with care with minimal errors because any of the above could lead in misleading and fatal results. The specimen has to go through the preparation section and given the fact that tissues are very delicate; cutting them into thin sections could be impossible task. The specimen usually needs preservation or to be fixed before sections are prepared. This can be done through two different ways, whereby the tissues can be rapidly frozen while the sections sliced using a cryostat microtome in the freezing chamber. Alternatively, the specimen can be dipped into a liquid agent with properties of turning into a solid state for thin sections to be cut from it (Kemal, 2014). Upon receiving the specimen, then fixation is the crucial stage that follows in the laboratory. Fixation is a critical stage when it comes to preparing specimens for microscopic examination. It helps in preserving the specimen by protecting it from the decay. It kills all the microorganisms responsible for decay and keeps the specimen in a hardened state with enough molecular structure for the subsequent necessary staining procedures to be applied. The specimen then has to go through the grossing process. And here, the process involves a comprehensive examination and analysis of the specimen characteristics including their physical appearance, their size and the dimension as well as the number of the pieces of the specimen. Larger specimens in some instances require further dissecting into smaller appropriate sections. Furthermore, the specimen would go through the processing stage for paraffin section using the tissue processors. The tissue processors allow the specimen to be infiltrated by a variety of liquids which in the end results in the finishes in the molten state paraffin wax. Then later on after the processing, the specimen goes through an embedding centre where they are extracted from their cassettes and put inside molds filled with wax (Rolls, n.d.). Then the specimen goes through section. At this stage, the sections of the specimen are cut in precision sizes using a microtome instrument, with very fine metallic blades. The sections of the specimen are then placed afloat on the surface of the warm water and the place into microscopic slides and after extensive drying; they are then ready for the staining process. The staining process is necessary for revealing the structural information of the specimen when using bright field microscopy. Most specimens apart from having a few natural pigments like the melanin; most cells and other components that constitutes of the specimen do not have specific colors. In histopathology, the frequently used stain universally as a basic primary point in providing the structural details about the specimen is the hematoxylin and eosin (HE) stain. There are various tests that could be undertaken to assist in the diagnosis of the patients condition. These tests can either be cytology examination or the biopsy tests. Cytology tests involve the process whereby the doctor examines the cells from the body under the microscope to determine any underlying conditions (Mandal, n.d.). Cytology is a quick test that determines the existence of the common infections, inflammatory disease of the urinary tract, cancer among others. These examinations do not completely identify illness conditions such as cancer and also it cannot be used to base a medical conclusion about the absence of a disease. The cytology process is different from the biopsy whereby, it deals with examining individual cells rather than elements of tissues found in a lot of cell clusters. The other significant test that could rapidly help in the diagnosis of the disease is the biopsy. Biopsy is the process of diagnosing diseases whereby a doctor removes parts of the body tissues to be examined by a pathologist under a microscope within a laboratory. There are several types of biopsy, and establishing the most appropriate one for your patient is necessary. These types include excisional biopsy which involves a whole affected area being surgically removed. It could also be the incisional biopsy which involves a sample of a tissue for examination. Biopsy is an important test in examining the health condition of the patient and provides an insight of underlying medical problem, although further comprehensive tests are necessary before arriving to conclusion on the condition of illness of the patient. The cytology and biopsy tests are an important diagnostic process that can complement the histopathology diagnostic of chronic conditions such as cancer and other troublesome diseases as they employ different techniques that can be used to gain necessary clinical information in the context of diagnostic procedures. The significance of the two procedures in complementing other histopathology procedures is invaluable as they assist in the diagnosis of different conditions within the patients, and provide the basis for further clinical tests. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) stain is the commonly used staining method in histopathology. The staining procedure uses a combination of two dyes that is, hematoxylin and eosin. They demonstrate the nucleus and the cytoplasmic involvement in the clinical specimens. The baseline principle in this staining process is that the alum will operate in a position of a mordant and the nucleus is stained light blue by the hematoxylin which contains alum. The results of the HE stain produce blue and black nuclei, a pink cytoplasm, muscle fibers with a deep red color, the red blood cells are orange red in color, and finally, the fibrin is deep pink color. Many clinical conditions can be diagnosed in histopathology by the close study of hematoxylin and eosin alone. However, in the event whereby additional information is required for the further examination tests in the laboratory, then other staining techniques might be used. These may consist of special stain that contains dyes that define specific structures or other micro-organisms with the involvement of the position of the diagnostically important proteins with aid of marked antibodies. Some non histological tests could also provide good diagnostic grounds for the clinicians. They can offer an alternative way in helping the laboratory tests of the chronic diseases. Radiological studies are a good basis for the testing and establishing liver problems. CT-scans can be used to look deeper into tissues to provide crucial details about the liver and provide diagnosis grounds. Secondly, the use of Ultra sonogram (USG), of the abdomen whereby the clinician utilizes the wave of the sounds to establish important liver pathology and it is a noninvasive method of diagnosis. Additionally, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), provides a clear imaging study into the internal body tissues and offers great diagnosis environment for detection of abnormal conditions in body tissues like the liver. The diagnosis means that the doctor is not 100% sure of the outcomes after the diagnosis and based on the information he/she has, they make an educated guess about the possible diagnosis. The clinical notes on Ferritin at 2,355, and total body iron content at 20grams meant that this was provisional, as the specific condition had not been established. Likewise, Differential diagnosis means that you have more than one possibility for the outcomes of your diagnosis and the doctor must clearly differentiate the two to come up with an actual diagnosis. Lethargy, loss of sex drive and abdominal pain can all be caused by varied conditions (Shimelpfening Gans, 2017). References Kemal, J. (2014). Laboratory Manual and Review on Clinical Pathology. OMICS Group eBooks . Mandal, A. (n.d.). Liver disease diagnosis. News Medical: Life Sciences. Available at: https://www.news-medical.net/health/Liver-disease-diagnosis.aspx Rolls, G. (n.d.). An Introduction to Specimen Preparation. Advancing Cancer Diagnostics Improving Lives . Available at https://www.leicabiosystems.com/pathologyleaders/an-introduction-to-specimen-preparation/ Shimelpfening, N., Gans, S. (2017). The Difference Between Provisional and Differential Diagnosis. Very Well. Avaialable at: https://www.verywell.com/provisional-diagnosis-vs-differential-diagnosis-1067284